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data-param-subject="Jehosh%20Paul%20%3A%20A%20brief%20response%20to%20Perry%20Anderson%E2%80%99s%20%E2%80%98The%20Indian%20Ideology%E2%80%99%20with%20special%20reference%20to%20%E2%80%98Indian%20Secularism%E2%80%99" data-param-body="Read%20complete%20article%20here%20-%20//jeetbetwin.com/blogs/jehosh-paul/a-brief-response-to-perry-andersons-the-indian-ideology-with-special-reference-to-indian-secularism/%0D%0AExcerpt : %E2%80%98The%20Indian%20Ideology%E2%80%99%20by%20Perry%20Anderson%20%28a%20British%20historian%20and%20political%20essayist%29%20does%20not%20only%20give%20a%20telling%20account%20of%20the%20prevailing%20set%20of%20ideas%20pertaining%20to%20the%20India%E2%80%99s%20independence%2C%20the%201947%20partition%20and%20the..." style="width:103px;height:27px;" i-amphtml-layout="fixed">Email</amp-social-share> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="ikw2237dmu" class="show-content"> <div id="ikw2237dmu" class="container"> <div id="ikw2237dmu" class="blog-three-column"> <div id="ikw2237dmu" class="left-section"> <div id="ikw2237dmu" class="author"> <a href="http://jeetbetwin.com/blogs/author/jehosh-paul/"> <figure> <amp-img src="http://static.toiimg.com/imagenext/toiblogs/photo/blogs/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/Jehosh-Paul.-150x150.jpg" alt="Jehosh Paul" width="150" height="150" class="amp-wp-enforced-sizes i-amphtml-layout-intrinsic i-amphtml-layout-size-defined" layout="intrinsic" i-amphtml-layout="intrinsic"><i-amphtml-sizer class="i-amphtml-sizer"><img alt="" aria-hidden="true" class="i-amphtml-intrinsic-sizer" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyBoZWlnaHQ9JzE1MCcgd2lkdGg9JzE1MCcgeG1sbnM9J2h0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnJyB2ZXJzaW9uPScxLjEnLz4="></i-amphtml-sizer><noscript><img src="http://static.toiimg.com/imagenext/toiblogs/photo/blogs/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/Jehosh-Paul.-150x150.jpg" alt="Jehosh Paul" width="150" height="150" class=""></noscript></amp-img> </figure> </a> <a href="//jeetbetwin.com/blogs/author/jehosh-paul/"> <h6>Jehosh Paul</h6></a> <p>The author is an LL.M in Law and Development candidate at the Azim Premji University, Bengaluru. </p> </div> </div> <div id="ikw2237dmu" class="main-content single-article-content"> <p><span data-amp-original-style="font-weight: 400;" class="amp-wp-fe3f5cc">‘The Indian Ideology�?by Perry Anderson (a British historian and political essayist) does not only give a telling account of the prevailing set of ideas pertaining to the India’s independence, the 1947 partition and the Indian republic but also the “conditions and events that generated them, and which they both reflect and distort�? </span></p> <p><span data-amp-original-style="font-weight: 400;" class="amp-wp-fe3f5cc">Against the backdrop of the contemporarily relevant Citizenship Amendment Act, 2019, which openly introduced religious markers into the Citizenship laws, I will respond to Anderson’s take on ‘Indian secularism�? that was shaped by the Congress Party. While I do not intend to make any value judgements, I partially agree with Anderson and supplement his assertion on Indian secularism by gathering evidence from the legal plane. However, I disagree with the Anderson’s portrayal of the Congress Party in a bad light and opine that the ‘Indian secularism�?as shaped by the Congress Party, although far from being perfect, was good enough for minorities to feel at home in India. </span></p> <p><b>India that is Hindustan?</b></p> <p><span data-amp-original-style="font-weight: 400;" class="amp-wp-fe3f5cc">According to Anderson, “what is hidden within India is Hindustan. It is that which tacitly shapes the state and determines the frontiers between freedom and repression, what is allowed and what is forbidden�? The term ‘Hindustan�?here does not refer to the Persian coinage of geographical reference, but to the sectarian slogan �?‘Hindusthan�?by Savarkar. </span></p> <p><span data-amp-original-style="font-weight: 400;" class="amp-wp-fe3f5cc">The reason why Anderson makes this remark is because despite the Indian state being ‘officially secular�? the magnitude of state force that it used to quell any popular resistance against the state had a direct nexus with the religious identity of the resisting population. As per Anderson’s analysis, the Indian state has been ruthless </span><i><span data-amp-original-style="font-weight: 400;" class="amp-wp-fe3f5cc">ab initio</span></i><span data-amp-original-style="font-weight: 400;" class="amp-wp-fe3f5cc"> when it comes to quashing any resistance against its rule, but, when it crushed the first Naxalite uprising in 1967 at Naxalbari village of West Bengal, the toll of people killed and tortured is disproportionately small when compared to the resistance that came out of Kashmir, Nagaland-Mizoram and Punjab whose religious majority did not belong to the Hindu community. In the words of Anderson, insurgency in Kashmir was met with tank and truncheon, Nagaland-Mizoram’s with pogrom and Punjab’s with death squad.  Further, the notorious Armed Forces Special Powers Act 1958, was used only while suppressing the resistance from the latter. Anderson also goes on to state that “for what is obvious but never seen or spoken, is that the hand of AFSPA has fallen where the reach of Hinduism has stopped�? </span></p> <p><span data-amp-original-style="font-weight: 400;" class="amp-wp-fe3f5cc">Further, Anderson remarks that the “Indian secularism is Hindu confessionalism by another name�?because the Constitution of India whose preamble states that it is secular, accorded the rights of representation to the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes by granting reserved constituencies and seats, but it did not extend such rights to the Muslim community despite them being underrepresented in the government. </span></p> <p><span data-amp-original-style="font-weight: 400;" class="amp-wp-fe3f5cc">Lastly, Anderson remarks that the Muslims are treated like “second-class citizens�?because the Research and Analysis Wing (RAW), Intelligence Bureau (IB), National Security Guards and Special Protection Group follow an ‘unwritten code�?of not including Muslims among their ranks. Anderson, therefore, insinuates that the Indian state was not truly secular. </span></p> <p><span data-amp-original-style="font-weight: 400;" class="amp-wp-fe3f5cc">This type of differential treatment was not an anomaly unique to Congress governments at the Centre, but arguably, the order of the day; because even Chief Minister Abdullah’s National Conference party that claimed itself to be secular but when its agrarian reform is viewed from the prism of political implications, the landlords expropriated were from the Hindu community and the peasants who benefited were from the Muslim community.</span></p> <p><span data-amp-original-style="font-weight: 400;" class="amp-wp-fe3f5cc">Be as it may, Anderson also acknowledges that under the Congress Party, Muslims or Christians could practice their religion with greater freedom and live with greater safety than Muslims themselves would be able to do in Pakistan if they were not a Sunni Muslim. The flaw with the Congress Party was not that it was a hypocrite in the matters pertaining to secularism but rather it operated in bad faith i.e., in a way it had lesser vice and payed somewhat more tribute to virtue.  </span></p> <p><span data-amp-original-style="font-weight: 400;" class="amp-wp-fe3f5cc">Theoretically, while Anderson’s criticism of the Congress Party’s version of secularism that did not practise the separation of state from religion in a conventional manner is apt, one also has to take into consideration that the Congress Party did not exist in a vacuum. India was and still remains a country deeply rooted in its religious customs and the Congress Party as a ‘political state�?had to ensure its political survival even as it pursued the realisation of secularism as a ‘constitutional state�? Even in the wake of Muslims from the British India migrating to Pakistan and some of the most gruesome communal riots caused by the extremist elements of the society, at no instance did Congress Party turn its back towards secularism. The fact remains that, when compared to the neighbouring countries, the minorities in India were better off under the Congress Party than elsewhere. Indeed, the ideology of ‘Indian secularism�?has religious considerations hidden in it, yet it is better than the Savarkar’s idea of Indian nation which made no pretence that minorities were a part of India. There are no utopias and the version of secularism that Nehru and Congress Party cultivated and nurtured was ‘good enough�?in a nation which even the Apex Constitutional Court believes that the religion of the religious majority was not just a religion but also a way on life (</span><span data-amp-original-style="font-weight: 400;" class="amp-wp-fe3f5cc">Manohar Joshi v. Nitin Bhaurao Patil, 1995)</span><span data-amp-original-style="font-weight: 400;" class="amp-wp-fe3f5cc">. It is easy for a British essayist to criticise the Congress Party for not making “generous arrangements with the Muslim party that had emerged opposite to it�? but such demarcation between a Hindu Congress Party and a Muslim Party would only go on further divide the two communities by denying them an umbrella organisation to come together as one nation. Even from an electoral perspective, such arrangement would have ensured that the religious extremists and fundamentalists would have a greater probability of winning elections than the moderates who would wish to serve both the religious community regardless of their religion.  </span></p> <p><span data-amp-original-style="font-weight: 400;" class="amp-wp-fe3f5cc"><br> </span><b>Evidences from the legal plane</b></p> <p><span data-amp-original-style="font-weight: 400;" class="amp-wp-fe3f5cc">In tune with the Anderson’s account of the Indian ideology being ‘officially secular�?but containing unwritten codes that were sectarian, the seminal legal developments surrounding the citizenship laws evince the same. Ms. Niraja G. Jayal’s book ‘Citizenship and its Discontents�?stated that the “idea of a natural citizen was usually a Hindu and male�? Article 7 of the Constitution of India did not make any religious references but the criteria that those who had migrated from India to Pakistan after March 1947 and desired to return must obtain a permit for resettlement or permanent return from the Indian High Commission in Pakistan, was impliedly addressed towards Muslims. However, under Article 6, those who had migrated from Pakistan to India after July 19, 1948 would only be required to register themselves as citizens with a government official, was impliedly addressed towards the Hindus. While, Muslims required permits, Hindus only were required to register themselves as citizens of India. It is also noticeable that the citizenship laws under the Indian Constitution impliedly referred to Hindus as “refugees�?and Muslims as “migrants�?  Further, the Congress Party also toyed with the concept of the ‘intending evacuee�?that if legislated would openly discriminate against the Muslims. However, this idea was dropped at the insistence of the Minister for Rehabilitation. </span></p> <p><span data-amp-original-style="font-weight: 400;" class="amp-wp-fe3f5cc">Despite the questionable role of the Congress Party in governing the nation secularly, there was also an instance where it adhered to the conventional notion of secularism. When responding to the large-scale migration of refugees/migrants from Bangladesh to Assam, the Congress government did not make any provisions for impliedly considering religious markers for granting citizenship. In fact, the Illegal Migrants (Determination by Tribunals) Act, 1983 was moulded in way that, in the words of the Supreme Court, “made it impossible for citizens who are resident in Assam to secure the detection and deportation of foreigners from Indian soil�? However, Ms. Jayal argued that this was not out of Congress’s commitment to secularism but rather to increase its vote share. In the words of Ms. Jayal, “the vulnerability of these people made them eager voters and the avowedly secular Congress the natural party of choice for them�? It is only ironic that despite such questionable stance on citizenship laws, the BJP terms Congress’s version of secularism as that of being pro-Muslim and anti-Hindu. </span></p> <p><span data-amp-original-style="font-weight: 400;" class="amp-wp-fe3f5cc">Apart from the citizenship laws having direct implication on who constitutes an Indian national, what comes closest to the citizenship laws in relation to defining a nationhood, is the legal development surrounding the image of ‘Bharat Mata�? an embodiment of the Indian territory. </span></p> <p><span data-amp-original-style="font-weight: 400;" class="amp-wp-fe3f5cc"> Justice Sanjay Kishan Kaul’s judgement in the case of </span><i><span data-amp-original-style="font-weight: 400;" class="amp-wp-fe3f5cc">Maqbool Fida Husain v. Raj Kumar Pandey,</span></i><span data-amp-original-style="font-weight: 400;" class="amp-wp-fe3f5cc"> while adjudicating if the nude painting of Bharat Mata amounted to obscenity under Section 292 of the Indian Penal Code, 1860 makes certain remarks that underscores his assumption that Hinduism is the meta-ideology that shapes the understanding of Bharat Mata and Indian secularism.  </span></p> <p><span data-amp-original-style="font-weight: 400;" class="amp-wp-fe3f5cc">Firstly, Justice Kaul concedes that “the concept of a nation has had a long association with the idea of motherhood�? a concept that is intrinsic to the worship of goddesses in Hinduism. Sumathi Ramaswamy in ‘The Goddess and the Nation: Mapping Mother India (2010)�?describes the oxymoronic Indian government as that which was striving to be secular, diverse and modern would at the same time resort to the “time-worn figure of a Hindu goddess in its yearning for form�?</span></p> <p><span data-amp-original-style="font-weight: 400;" class="amp-wp-fe3f5cc">Secondly, Justice Kaul, in paragraph 104, observes that:</span></p> <p><i><span data-amp-original-style="font-weight: 400;" class="amp-wp-fe3f5cc">“Hinduism incorporates all forms of belief and worship without necessitating the </span></i> <i><span data-amp-original-style="font-weight: 400;" class="amp-wp-fe3f5cc">selection or elimination of any. The Hindu is inclined to revere the divine in every </span></i> <i><span data-amp-original-style="font-weight: 400;" class="amp-wp-fe3f5cc">manifestation, whatever it may be, and is doctrinally tolerant…since the Hindu is </span></i> <i><span data-amp-original-style="font-weight: 400;" class="amp-wp-fe3f5cc">disposed to think synthetically and to regard other forms of worship, strange gods, and </span></i> <i><span data-amp-original-style="font-weight: 400;" class="amp-wp-fe3f5cc">divergent doctrines as inadequate rather than wrong or objectionable, he tends to </span></i> <i><span data-amp-original-style="font-weight: 400;" class="amp-wp-fe3f5cc">believe that the highest divine powers complement each other for the well-being of the </span></i> <i><span data-amp-original-style="font-weight: 400;" class="amp-wp-fe3f5cc">world and mankind…Hinduism is then both a civilization and a conglomerate of </span></i> <i><span data-amp-original-style="font-weight: 400;" class="amp-wp-fe3f5cc">religions with neither a beginning, a founder, nor a central authority, hierarchy, or </span></i> <i><span data-amp-original-style="font-weight: 400;" class="amp-wp-fe3f5cc">organisation.â€Â Â Â ï¿½?/span></i></p> <p><span data-amp-original-style="font-weight: 400;" class="amp-wp-fe3f5cc">These observations by the Court while adjudicating upon the painting also points out why Anderson states that “what is hidden within India is Hindustan. It is that which tacitly shapes the state and determines the frontiers between freedom and repression, what is allowed and what is forbidden�? It was the inclusivity, tolerance, openness of a Hindu that shaped the outcome of the case. Obviously, this aspect was not the sole determining factor, yet it played a substantial role in shaping how the Court perceived the dispute at hand. </span></p> <p><b>Conclusion</b><b><br> </b><span data-amp-original-style="font-weight: 400;" class="amp-wp-fe3f5cc">Perry Anderson made a valid point when he asserted that ‘Hindustan�?was always entrenched within ‘India�?and shaped the Indian ideology. However, I would still argue that a particular religion being entrenched within ‘India�?must not be construed as inherently virtuous or vicious. Rather, the touchstone must be, what Sanjib Baruah mentions in ‘In the Name of Nation: India and it Northeast�?i.e., whether the Indian state has been accommodative of its foundational diversity rather than a conventional nation-state aspiring to achieve an internal homogeneity. And, whether India is heading towards becoming an exemplary ‘civilization state�?that is characterised by its diversity and plurality in languages, religions, cultures and ethnicities. In a society deeply rooted in religion, it is only natural for its leaders to pursue religious nationalism, and even Nehru who was accused of “making a cradle of emotional nationalism and rocking himself in it, and for being far adrift from the realities resistant to his hopes and fancies�?by Sarvepalli Gopal (Nehru’s biographer) was no exception to this phenomenon. </span></p> <p><span data-amp-original-style="font-weight: 400;" class="amp-wp-fe3f5cc">The Congress Party, despite all its shortcomings on forging a secular state is still a lesser evil for the religious minority in India because on the flip side, the Bhartiya Janata Party makes no pretence of being secular and has even openly introduced religious markers into the Citizenship laws and legislated love-jihad/anti-conversion laws. While both of them have a questionable track record on upholding secular values, from a minority’s standpoint �?under the Congress Party, the minorities in India can still look forward to a better future with the fond hope that Bharat Mata would slowly but surely embrace all of her children, whereas the Bharat Mata under the latter’s regime would disown and orphan a significant number of her progeny, and to this extent one must give the due credit to the Congress Party. </span></p> <p><span data-amp-original-style="font-weight: 400;" class="amp-wp-fe3f5cc"> </span></p> <div id="ikw2237dmu" class="for-mobile-wrap2"> <div id="ikw2237dmu" class="sociables3"> <amp-social-share class="facebook i-amphtml-layout-fixed i-amphtml-layout-size-defined" type="facebook" data-param-app_id="898459706886386" width="103" height="27" data-param-href="//jeetbetwin.com/blogs/jehosh-paul/a-brief-response-to-perry-andersons-the-indian-ideology-with-special-reference-to-indian-secularism/" 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